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Shareholder Disputes in a Polish Sp. z o.o. — Resolution Without Liquidating the Company

When Shareholder Disputes Become a Legal Problem

When disagreements escalate into a decision-making deadlock — no quorum, blocked resolutions, refusal to cooperate — the company loses its ability to operate.

Judicial Exclusion — Art. 266 KSH

All remaining shareholders, holding in total more than half of the share capital, may request judicial exclusion of a shareholder for important reasons (art. 266 § 1 of the CCC): acting to the company's detriment, breaching non-compete, persistently blocking resolutions.

Share Redemption

Voluntary or compulsory (requires provision in the articles). Compensation not lower than book value of shares.

Judicial Dissolution — Art. 271 KSH

Last resort: when the company's purpose has become impossible. Court considers depth of conflict and availability of alternatives.

Shareholders' Agreement as Prevention

Deadlock-breaking mechanisms: drag-along/tag-along, shotgun clauses, mandatory mediation, pre-emptive rights.

Interim Protection During Disputes

The court may suspend a shareholder's rights, appoint a compulsory administrator, or prohibit specific actions.

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